The Role of Dairy Products and Milk in Adolescent Obesity: Evidence from Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" Birth Cohort

Background: Observational studies, mainly from Western populations, suggest dairy consumption is inversely associated with adiposity. However, in these populations the intake range is limited and both diet and obesity may share social patterning. Evidence from non-Western developed settings with different social patterning, is valuable in distinguishing whether observed associations are biologically mediated or socially confounded. Objective: To examine the associations of milk or other dairy product consumption with adolescent obesity. Methods: We used multivariable linear regression models to examine the associations of milk or other dairy product consumption, obtained from a food frequency questionnaire, at 11 years with body mass index (BMI) z-scores at 13 years and waist hip ratio (WHR) at 11 years, in 5,968 adolescents from a Chinese birth cohort, comprising 88% of births in April and May 1997. We used multiple imputation for missing exposures and confounders. Results: Only 65.7% regularly consumed milk and 72.4% other dairy products. Milk and other dairy product consumption was positively associated with socio-economic position but not with BMI z-score or WHR, with or without adjustment for sex, mother's birthplace, parental education, physical activity and other food consumption. Conclusions: The lack of association of milk and other dairy product consumption with adiposity in a non-Western setting was not consistent with the majority of evidence from Western settings. Observed anti-obesigenic effects in Western settings may be due to socially patterned confounding. © 2012 Lin et al.published_or_final_versio

Optimized CRISPR-mediated gene knockin reveals FOXP3-independent maintenance of human Treg identity

Regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy is a promising curative approach for a variety of immune-mediated conditions. CRISPR-based genome editing allows precise insertion of transgenes through homology-directed repair, but its use in human Tregs has been limited. We report an optimized protocol for CRISPR-mediated gene knockin in human Tregs with high-yield expansion. To establish a benchmark of human Treg dysfunction, we target the master transcription factor FOXP3 in naive and memory Tregs. Although FOXP3-ablated Tregs upregulate cytokine expression, effects on suppressive capacity in vitro manifest slowly and primarily in memory Tregs. Moreover, FOXP3-ablated Tregs retain their characteristic protein, transcriptional, and DNA methylation profile. Instead, FOXP3 maintains DNA methylation at regions enriched for AP-1 binding sites. Thus, although FOXP3 is important for human Treg development, it has a limited role in maintaining mature Treg identity. Optimized gene knockin with human Tregs will enable mechanistic studies and the development of tailored, next-generation Treg cell therapies

Generalized Painleve-Gullstrand descriptions of Kerr-Newman black holes

Generalized Painleve-Gullstrand metrics are explicitly constructed for the Kerr-Newman family of charged rotating black holes. These descriptions are free of all coordinate singularities; moreover, unlike the Doran and other proposed metrics, an extra tunable function is introduced to ensure all variables in the metrics remain real for all values of the mass M, charge Q, angular momentum aM, and cosmological constant \Lambda > - 3/(a^2). To describe fermions in Kerr-Newman spacetimes, the stronger requirement of non-singular vierbein one-forms at the horizon(s) is imposed and coordinate singularities are eliminated by local Lorentz boosts. Other known vierbein fields of Kerr-Newman black holes are analysed and discussed; and it is revealed that some of these descriptions are actually not related by physical Lorentz transformations to the original Kerr-Newman expression in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates - which is the reason complex components appear (for certain ranges of the radial coordinate) in these metrics. As an application of our constructions the correct effective Hawking temperature for Kerr black holes is derived with the method of Parikh and Wilczek.Comment: 5 pages; extended to include application to derivation of Hawking radiation for Kerr black holes with Parikh-Wilczek metho

Rapid identification of the medicinal plant Taraxacum formosanum and distinguishing of this plant from its adulterants by ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) based DNA barcode

Original identification of medicinal plants is essential for quality control. In this study, the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) nuclear ribosomal DNA served as a DNA barcode and was amplified by allele-specific PCR. This approach was exploited to differentiate Taraxacum formosanum from five related adulterants. Using a set of designed PCR primers, a highly specific 223 bp PCR product of T. formosanum was successfully amplified by PCR. However, no similar DNA fragment was amplified from any of the other adulterants. This indicates that, our allele specific primers have high specificity and can accurately discriminate T. formosanum from its adulterant plants.Key words: Medicinal plant, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), authentication, Taraxacum formosanum, traditional Chinese medicinal, internal transcribed spacers 2 (ITS2)

Dissemination of pHK01-like incompatibility group IncFII plasmids encoding CTX-M-14 in Escherichia coli from human and animal sources

Few studies have compared CTX-M encoding plasmids identified in different ecological sources. This study aimed to analyze and compare the molecular epidemiology of plasmids encoding CTX-M-14 among strains from humans and animals. The CTX-M-14 encoding plasmids in 160 Escherichia coli isolates from animal faecal (14 pigs, 16 chickens, 12 cats, 8 cattle, 5 dogs and 3 rodents), human faecal (45 adults and 20 children) and human urine (37 adults) sources in 2002-2010 were characterized by molecular methods. The replicon types of the CTX-M-14 encoding plasmids were IncFII (n=61), I1-Iγ (n=24), other F types (n=23), B/O (n=10), K (n=6), N (n=3), A/C (n=1), HI1 (n=1), HI2 (n=1) and nontypeable (n=30). The genetic environment, ISEcp1 - bla CTX-M-14 - IS903 was found in 89.7% (52/58), 87.7% (57/65) and 86.5% (32/37) of the animal faecal, human faecal and human urine isolates, respectively. Subtyping of the 61 IncFII incompatibility group plasmids by replicon sequence typing, plasmid PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and marker genes (yac, malB, eitA/eitC and parB/A) profiles showed that 31% (18/58), 30.6% (20/65) and 37.8% (14/37) of the plasmids originating from animal faecal, human faecal and human urine isolates, respectively, were pHK01-like. These 52 pHK01-like plasmids originated from diverse human (20 faecal isolates from 2002, 2007 to 2008, 14 urinary isolates from 2004) and animal (all faecal, 1 cattle, 1 chicken, 5 pigs, 9 cats, 1 dog, 1 rodent from 2008 to 2010) sources. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of the IncFII group, pHK01-like plasmids in the dissemination of CTX-M-14 among isolates from diverse sources. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.postprin